Scientific Explanation of Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Atresia and the Therapeutic Role of Dr. Sam Zeraatian-Nejad Davani 1. Introduction to the Disease: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic congenital heart defect characterized by four key components: 1. Large Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – allowing blood..
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Abstract Introduction Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) plays a central role in pediatric cardiac surgery, yet standardized quality indicators (QIs) specific to pediatric practice remain underutilized across institutions. Methods A comprehensive review of literature from 2010 to 2025 was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Eligible studies included randomized trials,..
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Abstract Purpose Postoperative bleeding is a major concern in pediatric cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The comparative utility of viscoelastic testing and central laboratory assays for predicting bleeding risk remains unclear. This study aimed to (1) compare the predictive value of thromboelastography parameters—maximum amplitude of citrated functional fibrinogen (CFF-MA)..
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Abstract Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPreC) has been regarded as a promising strategy to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury to the heart and other organs caused by cardiopulmonary bypass. While RIPreC has demonstrated potential benefits in adult cardiac surgery, particularly in reducing postoperative kidney and cardiac dysfunction, evidence in pediatric populations remains limited..
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Abstract Introduction Neonatal aortic arch surgery is associated with neurological morbidity of varying severity which is detected and potentially limited through neuroprotective strategies. We conducted a survey of healthcare professionals at all neonatal cardiac surgery centres in the United Kingdom and Ireland to determine current intraoperative neuromonitoring and neuroprotection practice...
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Abstract Low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) is defined by an insufficient cardiac output to meet metabolic demands, leading to tissue hypoperfusion and potential organ dysfunction. Although it affects up to 42% of neonates after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), pharmacological prevention practices vary widely, with limited supporting evidence.,, Surveys such as EuLoCOS-Paed..
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Abstract Objective This study evaluated thrombus formation and its impact on outcomes in neonates and early infants undergoing congenital heart surgery. Methods Neonates and early infants (≤90 days) undergoing congenital heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass from 2001 to 2024 were analyzed. Thrombi were detected by transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac catheterization...
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Abstract Background Mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) approximates 30 %. Both severe lung hypoplasia and other anomalies contribute to demise regardless of repair and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We report clinical and physiological parameters for CDH infants not offered repair or ECMO (NoR/ECMO). Methods A single center retrospective analysis..
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Abstract Background Maintaining optimal anesthetic depth during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in pediatric patients is challenging due to altered physiology and unreliable conventional monitoring. Entropy, a processed electroencephalogram metric, offers a potential solution. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between end oxygenator sevoflurane concentration and entropy values during pediatric CPB..
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Abstract Background Open cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) triggers a systemic inflammatory response that significantly affects clinical outcomes. However, the dynamics and specific roles of cytokine release after CPB in the pediatric population remain unclear. Purpose To evaluate the dynamics of cytokine levels and their association with low cardiac..
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