Extracellular vesicles from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid provide insights into the inhaled corticosteroids treatment response in COPD
Abstract In a comprehensive proteomic analysis of sputum from patients in the WISDOM trial, Fang et al. identified cystatin SN (CST1) as a promising biomarker linked to better responses to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in COPD. Elevated CST1 levels—along with other related proteins—were consistently associated with reduced exacerbations and improved outcomes, particularly in patients with higher […]