Abstract
Background
In intensive care patients with disorders of consciousness, the pupillary light reflex is a measure of pupillary parasympathetic function. By contrast, the pupillary light-off reflex leads to pupil dilation in response to an abrupt change from light to darkness (“light-off”) and reflects combined parasympathetic and sympathetic pupillary function. To our knowledge, this reflex has not been systematically investigated in patients with disorders of consciousness. We hypothesized that the pupillary light-off reflex correlates with consciousness levels after acute brain injury.
Methods
From November 2022 to March 2023, we enrolled 100 study participants: 25 clinically unresponsive (coma or unresponsive wakefulness syndrome) and 25 clinically low-responsive (minimally conscious state or better) patients from the intensive care units of a tertiary referral center, and 50 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. Exclusion criteria were active or chronic eye disease. We used automated pupillometry to assess the pupillary light-off reflex and the pupillary light reflex of both eyes under scotopic conditions in all study participants.
Results
The pupillary light-off reflex was strongly correlated with consciousness levels (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), the increase in pupillary diameters being smallest in unresponsive patients (mean ± standard deviation 20% ± 21%), followed by low-responsive patients (mean ± standard deviation 47% ± 26%) and healthy controls (mean ± standard deviation 67% ± 17%; p < 0.001). Similar yet less pronounced patterns were observed for the pupillary light reflex. Twenty-one of 25 (84%) unresponsive patients had preserved pupillary light reflexes, but only seven (28%) had fully preserved pupillary light-off reflexes (p < 0.0001). Of these 7 patients, five (71%) regained awareness.
Conclusions
The pupillary light-off reflex may be more sensitive to consciousness levels than the pupillary light reflex. The clinical implications of this finding seem worthy of further investigation, particularly regarding possible benefits for neuromonitoring and prognostication after brain injury.
Key Points
- Study Design: The study enrolled 100 participants, including 50 patients with DoC (25 unresponsive and 25 low-responsive) and 50 healthy controls, assessed using automated pupillometry.
- Definition of Reflexes: The pupillary light-off reflex involves pupil dilation in response to transitioning from light to darkness, reflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
- Correlation with Consciousness: Pupillary light-off reflex correlated strongly with consciousness levels (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), with greater dilation in low-responsive patients and healthy controls.
- Comparison of Reflexes: The light-off reflex demonstrated greater sensitivity in distinguishing unresponsive from low-responsive patients compared to the light reflex.
- Clinical Outcomes: Among unresponsive patients, 28% exhibited preserved light-off reflexes; 71% of these regained consciousness within 9 days.
- Sedation Effects: The reflex remained detectable in some heavily sedated patients, suggesting robustness in detecting residual consciousness despite pharmacological effects.
- Pathophysiology Insights: The light-off reflex likely involves combined sympathetic activation and parasympathetic inhibition, mediated through pathways yet to be fully elucidated.
- Limitations: Single-center design, lack of control for environmental variables like noise, and need for larger, diverse cohorts for validation.
- Potential Applications: The reflex may offer a more precise and bedside-accessible metric for tracking consciousness recovery and tailoring ICU interventions.
- Future Research: Investigations are needed to refine cutoff thresholds, explore the influence of sedation and injury etiology, and determine utility in longitudinal monitoring.
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