Hospital Costs Associated With Mechanical Left Ventricular Unloading Devices During VA ECMO for Adult Cardiogenic Shock
Abstract
Importance
To date, no studies have described the financial burden and behaviors of left ventricular mechanical unloading (LVMU) for patients on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO). Given the uptrending use of VA ECMO, describing its associated costs is essential for its continued uptake.
Objective
We describe the inpatient costs of patients who were managed with ECMO for cardiogenic shock (CS) with and without LVMU.
Design, Setting, and Participants
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult (age ≥ 18 years) patients who received ECMO at some point during their hospital stay and were nonpostoperative patients (e.g., medical CS) using the IBM MarketScan database. Data were extracted from 1/1/2008–12/31/2021.
Exposures
The exposure of interest was the additional use of LVMU (intra-aortic balloon pump, peripherally inserted left ventricular assist device [pVAD], or “other”) added to ECMO. Costs were calculated daily and modeled according to the daily status of ECMO, LVMU, ECMO + LVMU, or no device.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Patient characteristics, including age, sex, and comorbidities quantified using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), etiology of heart failure (acute myocardial infarction [AMI] vs. chronic heart failure [CHF]), hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and total inpatient costs, were described using descriptive statistics between groups. The outcomes of interest were total inpatient costs. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality and hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS). We stratified patients by receipt of LVMU and used propensity score matching from patient-level characteristics to balance the use of LVMU between groups. Cost outcomes were modeled using mixed effects linear regression clustered on matched groups and reporting incident rate ratios (IRR). LOS and mortality outcomes were modeled using Poisson (IRR) and logistic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]) regression, respectively, conditional on matched groups.
Results
Enrolled patients (n = 1596) were 56 years old (interquartile range [IQR] 47 to 62), had an ICU LOS of 9 (3 to 19) days, and a hospital length of stay of 18 (7 to 35) days, which were not different between groups. Patients who received LVMU had a higher CCI (p < 0.001), and were more likely to have a primary CS etiology of AMI (54% vs. 39%; p < 0.001) but not CHF (66% vs. 62%; p < 0.08). The median total inpatient cost of ECMO alone was $320 269 vs. $390 508 (ECMO + LVMU [p < 0.001]). In adjusted analysis, compared to patients without ECMO or LVMU, the daily incurred costs for patients on ECMO alone were three times higher (cost ratio = 3.0, p < 0.001), 2.6 times higher for patients on LVMU alone (cost ratio = 2.6, p < 0.001), and 4.2 times higher for people on both ECMO and LVMU (cost ratio = 4.2, p < 0.001). Patients with ECMO + LVMU had a longer hospital LOS (IRR 1.059; p < 0.001) compared to ECMO alone, but a similar hospital ICU LOS (IRR 0.98; p = 0.08). Patients who received LVMU had significantly lower mortality than those who only received ECMO (HR = 0.62, p = 0.006).
Conclusions and Relevance
CS patients managed with VA ECMO and LVMU had significantly increased cost, significantly longer LOS, and significantly decreased mortality compared to ECMO alone. Understanding the impact of LVMU on the cost of an ECMO course will aid appropriate resource allocation.