Purpose of review 

Surgery is an important option to consider in patients with massive and submassive pulmonary emboli. Earlier intervention, better patient selection, improved surgical techniques and the use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) have contributed to improve the safety of surgery for pulmonary emboli.

Recent findings 

VA ECMO is rapidly changing the initial management of patients with massive pulmonary emboli, providing an opportunity for stabilization and optimization before intervention. The early and long-term consequences of acute pulmonary emboli are better understood, in particular with regard to the risks of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), an entity that should be identified in the acute setting as much as possible. The presence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease can be associated with persistent haemodynamic instability despite removal of the acute thrombi, particularly if pulmonary hypertension is established. The pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) is an important component in the management of massive and submassive acute pulmonary emboli to determine the best treatment options for each patient depending on their clinical presentation.

Summary 

Three types of surgery can be performed for pulmonary emboli depending on the extent and degree of organization of the thrombi (pulmonary embolectomy, pulmonary thrombo-embolectomy and pulmonary thrombo-endarterectomy). Other treatment options in the context of acute pulmonary emboli include thrombolysis and catheter-directed embolectomy. Future research should determine how best to integrate VA ECMO as a bridging strategy to recovery or intervention in the treatment algorithm of patients with acute massive pulmonary emboli.