The non-haemorrhagic vagal response to trauma: a review of hypotensive and bradycardic responses to injury in the absence of bleeding
Abstract Purpose Trauma has the potential to cause haemorrhage, tissue damage, pain, visceral manipulation and psychological distress. Each of these consequences of trauma can cause changes in autonomic outflow, which dictates a patient’s vital signs. Patients who are hypotensive and bradycardic due to a vagally mediated parasympathetic response to pain, psychological distress and visceral manipulation […]