Serum lactate poorly predicts central venous oxygen saturation in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Serum lactate and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO₂) are commonly used and commonly recommended as markers of tissue oxygenation in shock states. Medical literature has both explicitly stated and implied that the two biomarkers are interchangeable in the management of patients with shock. However, there have been relatively few direct comparisons of these tests in clinical circumstances, and the relationship between them is uncertain. The objective of our study was to evaluate whether simultaneous or near-simultaneous measurements of lactate and ScvO₂ reveal a consistent relationship between these two biomarkers.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted in an urban, academic US hospital. All adults in ICUs between March 2007 and March 2017 who had a lactate measurement and ScvO₂ or mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO₂) measurement made +/− 1 h from the lactate were included. Linear and non-linear correlations of ScvO₂ and lactate were assessed in a variety of shock states.

Results

Two thousand sixty-two patients were included. Lactate and ScvO₂ correlated poorly (r² = 0.0041, p = 0.0019). This was true for patients with ScvO₂ ≤ 65% (r² = 0.0431, p < 0.001), patients with normal kidney and liver function (r² = 0.0517, p < 0.001), and septic shock patients (r² = 0.0037, p = 0.17). For patients with an O₂ extraction ratio ≥ 50%, lactate and ScvO₂ were strongly correlated (r² = 0.93, p = 0.0019), but these patients represented only 2.8% of patients in whom the ratio could be calculated.

Conclusions

Lactate can predict ScvO₂ when patients are at or below the critical oxygen delivery threshold, but relatively few shock patients meet this criterion. In the overall population of critically ill patients, serum lactate predicts ScvO₂ poorly, even after controlling for factors that may affect lactate production. Lactate and ScvO₂ should not be assumed to be interchangeable markers of tissue oxygenation/perfusion.