Doxycycline can reduce glycocalyx shedding by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: A randomized controlled trial
Abstract
Background
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) leads to shedding of the glycocalyx of endothelial cells, resulting in a series of complications such as tissue edema and coagulatory and microcirculatory dysfunctions. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can cause glycocalyx shedding in a variety of pathological processes, but their role in the process of CPB is still unclear. We hypothesized that the MMPs inhibitor doxycycline would reduce glycocalyx shedding by inhibiting MMPs during CPB.
Methods
Thirty-six patients were randomized to receive either 100 mg oral doxycycline (an MMPs inhibitor) or a matching placebo pill twice a day for three days before CPB. The primary outcome was the concentration of plasma syndecan-1. Secondary outcomes included heparan sulphate, MMP-2, MMP-9, ratio of urinary albumin to creatinine, and short-term clinical outcomes. In order to further prove that MMPs in plasma caused the glycocalyx shedding, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured with plasma obtained from cardiac surgery patients before or after CPB (with or without MMPs inhibitor GM6001). The change in glycocalyx content was detected by immunofluorescence.
Results
CPB resulted in an increase of MMPs and shedding of the glycocalyx. Plasma syndecan-1 was higher in the control group than in the doxycycline group (median difference:15.04 μg/L; 95% CI: 9.14–20.94 μg/L; P < 0.001). Similar to syndecan-1, plasma heparan sulphate, MMP-2, and MMP-9 concentrations in the doxycycline group were significantly lower than those in the control group during CPB. Doxycycline was also correlated with a reduction in the ratio of urinary albumin to creatinine and improved the short-term clinical outcomes of patients. Endothelial cells cultured with plasma from patients after CPB showed significant shedding of syndecan-1 and heparan sulphate (post-CPB group vs pre-CPB group, P < 0.001). GM6001 was shown to reduce shedding of syndecan-1 and heparan sulphate by inhibiting MMPs (post-CPB + GM6001 group vs post-CPB group, P < 0.001).
Conclusion
Doxycycline can reduce glycocalyx shedding by inhibiting MMPs during CPB.