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Right aortic arch

Right aortic arch anomalies occur in approximately 0.01 to 0.1 percent of the general population. In general, these anomalies do not directly cause any cardiovascular problems. However, in some patients,..

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Retroesophagial aortic arch

Right aortic arch is an uncommon anatomic anomaly, which occurs in approximately 0.05% to 0.1% of the population. “Mirror-image” right aortic arch is by itself generally asymptomatic, but it is usually..

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Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PAVSD) with major pulmonary confluens

The surgical management of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD), extreme hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries (PA), major aorto–pulmonary collaterals (MAPCAS) represents a major challenge. Two main basic concepts..

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Pulmonary valve stenosis

Pulmonary valve stenosis is a condition in which a deformity on or near your pulmonary valve narrows the pulmonary valve opening and slows the blood flow. The pulmonary valve is..

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Persistent left superior caval vein draining into the upper left pulmonary vein

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common congenital malformation of thoracic venous return and is present in 0.3 to 0.5% of individuals in the general population. This..

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Persistent left superior caval vein

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common congenital malformation of thoracic venous return and is present in 0.3 to 0.5% of individuals in the general population. This..

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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

The ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal artery connecting the main body artery (aorta) and the main lung artery (pulmonary artery). The ductus allows blood to detour away from the..

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Partial cor triatriatum sinister

Cor Triatriatum Sinister is a rare congenital abnormality, usually diagnosed in childhood; few cases remain asymptomatic and are diagnosed in adulthood. In this review article we focus on classification and..

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Partial cor triatriatum sinister with partial pulmonary vein connection

Cor Triatriatum Sinister is a rare congenital abnormality, usually diagnosed in childhood; few cases remain asymptomatic and are diagnosed in adulthood. In this review article we focus on classification and..

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Partial cor triatriatum sinister with complete membrane

Cor Triatriatum Sinister is a rare congenital abnormality, usually diagnosed in childhood; few cases remain asymptomatic and are diagnosed in adulthood. In this review article we focus on classification and..

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Partial atrioventricular septal defect (ASD Type I, Ostium primum defect)

[gallery ids="15187,15193,15190"] Atrioventricular (AV) septal defect consists of an ostium primum type atrial septal defect and a common AV valve, with or without an associated inlet (AV septal type) ventricular..

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Noonan syndrome

Most people with Noonan syndrome have some form of critical congenital heart disease. The most common heart defect in these individuals is a narrowing of the valve that controls blood flow..

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Mitral valve prolapse (Barlow Syndrome)

Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don't close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. Mitral valve prolapse is..

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Mitral atresia, aortic atresia, hypoplastic left ventricle and interrupted ascending aorta

Although the first-stage Norwood procedure mostly has been used for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, there are other anomalies in which the Norwood procedure can be applied. Since 1991, 18 newborns..

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Mitral atresia and hypoplastic left ventricle

Mitral atresia is a rare congenital heart defect. This rarity has been reported when compared to atresia of other valves.[] Embryologically, this defect has been attributed to a malaligned ventricular..

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Mesoposition

It refers to the degree that the cardiac apex points to the left or right. Position describes the translational relationship or overall location of the heart in the chest. It indicates the hemithorax that the heart predominantly occupies...

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Mesocardia

Mesocardia is that condition in which the longitudinal axis of the heart lies in the mid-sagittal plane and the heart has no apex. Thirteen cases of mesocardia are presented. There..

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Marfan syndrome

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the body’s connective tissue. Connective tissue holds all the body’s cells, organs and tissue together. It also plays an important role in..

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Levoposition

These terms purely describe the anatomic position of the left ventricular apex in the chest and their use does not indicate anything about the structure of the heart or the ...

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Leopard syndrome

LEOPARD syndrome (LS, OMIM 151100) is a rare multiple congenital anomalies condition, mainly characterized by skin, facial and cardiac anomalies. LEOPARD is an acronym for the major features of this..

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Left pulmonary artery (LPA) stenosis

Pulmonary artery stenosis is a narrowing (stenosis) that occurs in the pulmonary artery, a large artery that sends oxygen-poor blood into the lungs to be enriched with oxygen. The narrowing..

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Left cervical arch

Cervical aortic arch anomaly is a rare congenital entity. The aortic arch extends into the soft tissues of the neck before turning downward on itself to become the descending aorta...

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