John McCarthy first used the term artificial intelligence (AI) in a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. He discussed “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.” This paved the way for the birth of this groundbreaking field.¹ Most initial research focused on using AI to prove mathematical theorems and algebra. Logic Theorist was a computer program written by Newel, Simon, and Shaw, proving 38 of the 52 theorems in chapter 2 of “Principia Mathematica.”² In the 1980s, several expert systems were developed via logic-based programs that used expert knowledge to help nonexperts make specific decisions.

Hinton and colleagues^3,4 developed deep neural networks that used an algorithm based on complementary previous information to hasten the learning process. Technological advancements in computer science with refinement in computing power have resulted in the great strides that the field of AI has witnessed over the last few decades. AI has been used and become a backbone in scientific research with applications in almost every field.