Technical Challenges & Surgical Strategy Background •Aorto–pulmonary fistula is a rare but life-threatening complication •Common in redo cardiac surgery •Frequently associated with: •Prior aortic valve/root procedures •Infective endocarditis..
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Abstract Objective To investigate the safety and cost-effectiveness of preoperative cannulation and conventional approach techniques. Methods Sixty-one patients who underwent redo open cardiac procedures between September 2015 and November 2018..
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