Abstract Management of fluids has progressively moved towarda more dynamic and functional approach based on theprediction of fluid responsiveness (FR), to improve effi-cacy and benefits and limit detrimental effects of..
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Guidelines for the management of pre-operative paediatric clear fluid fasting historically recommend a minimum of 2 h. In particular, the published guideline from European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) in 2011,..
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