Abstract Heart failure is a significant complication of chronic intravascular hemolysis, a condition characterized by red blood cells (RBCs) breakdown, leading to the release of acellular hemoglobin (Hb) and its..
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Abstract Introduction Congenital cardiac defects disrupt circulation and oxygenation due to structural changes in the heart. Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease, accounting for 5..
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Abstract The intercalated disc (ID) is a highly specialized structure that connects cardiomyocytes via mechanical and electrical junctions. Although described in some detail by light microscopy in the 19th century,..
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