Background

Ball thrombus is rare and life-threatening. The correct diagnosis and timely management are key to improving patient prognosis. Here, we present a case report and literature review of ball thrombus.

Case presentation

A 75-year-old woman presented to our outpatient clinic because of palpitations and chest distress for 8 months. She was diagnosed mitral stenosis, and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a round mass attached to the left atrial (LA) wall. Before anesthesia induction, TTE found that the mass has dropped from the LA wall, and was spinning in the LA causing intermittent obstruction of the valve. Anesthesia induction was then carried out under TTE monitoring, and transesophageal echocardiograph found another mass in the LA appendage after intubation. She underwent LA mass removal and mitral valve replacement, and was discharged uneventfully. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of thrombus. Our literature review identified 19 cases of ball thrombus between 2015 and 2024. The average age was 54.8 (range 3–88) years. Heart failure was present as the initial symptom in 11 cases, and most patients had mitral valve disease or concomitant with atrial fibrillation. 12 cases received surgery, and 7 received medical treatment only. 2 deaths occurred, one due to the obstruction of left ventricular inflow tract and the other due to the worsening of heart failure.

Conclusion

Ball thrombus is rare in clinical settings. Urgent thrombectomy should be performed as soon as possible, and echocardiography can be used for real-time monitoring during surgery.