Abstract Background Goal-directed perfusion (GDP) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) commonly targets indexed oxygen delivery (DO2i), yet fixed delivery thresholds may ignore patient-specific metabolic demand. The oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) integrates..
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Abstract Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia characterized by irregular atrial contractions that compromise ventricular function and cardiac output. In this study we investigated the impact of..
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