Abstract Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury and brain injury remain common despite ongoing efforts to improve both the equipment and procedures deployed during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The pathophysiology of injury..
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CURRENTLY, MINIMALLY INVASIVE cardiac surgery (MICS) is very popular. In most cases, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is used with femoral arterial cannulation, and the whole body is perfused in a retrograde..
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