Abstract Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CS-AKI) increases short- and long-term mortality, progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD), and healthcare costs. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial—combining renal hypoperfusion, impaired oxygen delivery,..
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Abstract Background Cardiac-surgery associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) remains an important and frequent complication in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and is associated with a poor short- and long-term prognosis. The..
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